On the north side of Gianyar, there is an archaeological site that is amazing. Amongthe rice paddies terraced area with a traditional irrigation system subak, there are 10temples carved on the walls of sandstone cliffs.
Historic sites named Cliff Temple Gunung Kawi is included in Banjar Penaka, Tampaksiring Village, sub-district of Tampaksiring.
Cliff Temple Gunung Kawi is estimated to have been built since the middle of the 11th century AD, during the reign of Udayana dynasty (of Warmadewa). The construction of this temple is estimated to begin in the reign of King Sri Paduka Haji Dharmawangsa Marakata Pangkaja Stanattunggadewa (944-948 Saka/1025-1049 M) and ended in the reign of King Child Wungsu (971-999 Saka/1049-1080 M).
In this Inscription the middleman 945 dated Saka (1023 Bc), there is a description of the Pakerisan River there is a complex of Hermitage (kantyangan) namedAmarawati. Archaeologists argue, Amarawati refers to the area of Cliff Temple Gunung Kawi place is located.
In layout, the ten temples spread over three points. Five of them are on the East side of the river Tukad Pakerisan, while the rest are scattered at two points on the West side of the river. Five temples which are located on the East side of the river is considered as a major part of the cliffs of Gunung Kawi temple complex.
On the north side of the West side of the River, there are four Pakerisan Tukad Temple which berderetan from North to South and overlooking the river. While the other temple, located on the South side, is more or less 200 metres from the four temples.
According to history, the King Udayana and his Queen Gunapriya Dharmapatni had three children, namely Airlangga, Marakata, and son Wungsu. The eldest, Airlangga,Kediri became King was succeeded his grandfather, Mpu spoon.
Udayana's death, when the throne was left to the later Marakata – passed on to SonWungsu. The cliffs of Gunung Kawi temple complex originally built by King Marakata as shrines for the father's soul, King Udayana.
Among the ten temples in this region, it is estimated that the first building constructed was the most northerly position of the Temple of five temples on the East River. It is based upon the writings of "Haji Lumah Ing Jalu" Latin kadiri kwadrat on the top of the gate of the temple.
This means ' the King was buried in jalu (Tukad Pakerisan River) ' which indicates this temple was built as a place of worship of deceased King Udayana. The four other temples in this circuit supposedly strong built for his Queen and the boys King Udayana.
Meanwhile, four temples which are located on the West side, according to archaeologist Dr. r. Goris, probably the shrine (padharman) dedicated to the fourth concubine of King Udayana. While the other temple, its position more to the South allegedlybuilt for one of the high officials of the Kingdom-level Prime Minister or advisers tothe King.
From some of the historical references of the era, the existence of this temple can be associated with the figure of the Master Kuturan. Empu Kuturan was a Messengerfor her sister of King Airlangga, son of King Wungsu. Later in the day, Masters Kuturan was appointed as Chief Adviser of the King and has an important role in the development of the Kingdom of Bedahulu.
The whole temple complex is the temple functioned as a means of expression of the Royal family by King Child Wungsu. Interestingly, around this Hindu temple there is a niche that is identified by archaeologists as a place of Buddhist meditation/temples.
Niche-niche is carved in the cliff walls, just as the Hindu temples in the vicinity. The existence of the Hindu temple complex adjacent to the Hermitage shows Buddhist Kingdom of Bedahulu when it has been applying the tolerance and harmony in religious life.
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